hi everyone and welcome i'll talk about the installition of mandrake linux 10 operating system
first of all i want to say that you can setup two operating system on your machine,what i mean is that you can install linux and windows-MS together in the same machine but i want to say that you don't need windows in anything coz linux comes with many programmes and features that provide you with everything you will need when i say everything i mean every single thing.any way it's your chooes to put both of them or just linux but if you planning to put both of them you must put Windows-MS (or what ever you planning to put) first and then install linux and it's improtant to make this DO NOT INSTALL LINUX FIRST.
Now let's start i will talk about installing linux Mandrake 10.
1-when you turn your computer on press on DELETE button you will enter a blue screen called 'BIOS', look for 'BIOS feature setup' then look for 'Boot sequence' and make it 'Boot from cd' by using the page up and page down button.
2-then press ESC and chooes 'save and exit' then press Y don't forget to put the first cd in the cd-room .
3-after restarting the machine a blue screen will come to you asking you to press F1 if you want help or Enter if want to install linux ... Press Enter and it will start to copying the files to your machine and it will take up to 10 min.
4-After copying files you will be asked to choose the language choose'US ENglish' and if you would like to add the arabic to your machine choose advance and select the arabic and the unicode then click ok .
5-choose that you are agree with the tearm.
6- Now you must select the installation class,and you have here to type the first one is 'Recommended' and 'Expert' select the fist one which is 'Recommended' then press install.
7-this is the most important step and it's about how to partitioning your hard disk, select from the list infront of you the option 'custom hard partitioning' then press ok.
you will find the partitions that in your hard disk and the one you prepared to the linux (your must prepare a 10 GB formated space for linux) you will find it with blue color,select it with the mouse then press on the auto alocate and it will partitioning it for you you must find two partition with red color and a small one with green color (swap).
9-after you do this press done and it will ask you if you are sure and choose yes,then you will have to select the programmes you want to install in the system then press ok.
now it will install all the programmes you want and will ask you to change the cds so stay near the computer.
10-it will ask you for a password for the root enter the password that you like and make sure not to forget it .
11-It will ask you then to create a user so create a one to use it.
12-select the way you will connect to the net if it by "Normal Modem connection" or "ADSL" or whatever you using to connect to the net.
13-create a new dial up if then click ok
14-press ok
15-press yes
16-press no
17-press ok
18-remove the cd form the cd-room and then don't do anything till you enter the linuc then chooes the desktop you want and make it KDE then Next then cancel .
now you had instaled linux and get party
Now i'll talk about the directories of your system. when you are on the root path
[root@foo /]#
and list your directories with the ls command :
[root@foo /]# ls
bin/ boot/ dev/ etc/ home/ initrd/ lib/ mnt/ opt/ proc/ root/ sbin/ sys/ tmp/ usr/ var/
as You see there are alot of directories so i'll start explaining them,Now i'll explain the /bin directory .
The /bin directory:
this directory you will find all the command line that you use and can use in the linux shell. you can get to this directory by using the following:
[root@foo /]# cd /bin
[root@boo bin]# ls
this will list all the command line you using in the shell and this is a very important directory.
The /etc Directory:
To get to this directory you have to do the following:
1-get out of the current directory by using
cd..
2-then enter the /etc directory by using
cd /etc
you can use two ways to do that,the pervious way or a simple way which is
[root@foo bin]# cd /etc
this will take you to the etc directory now i'll take about this directory what is it? this directory contain the configuration file of all the programes,contain the file which end with .conf as the lilo.conf file ,how can you find this file for example use the following
[root@foo etc]# ls l
then press tab and it will list all the configuration files which start with l . i'll talk now about the /usr directory
The /usr Directory:
enter this directory,you can use the same way i mentioned. this directory contain all the programes used by all users on you system. in linux operating system everything is a file the keybord mous and the monitor everything is a file. let my explain to you
The /dev Directory:
enter the /dev directory and list the files in this directory as you know (use the ls command line) you will find alot of file with many color this is the hardware and the device you use and can use in your system,DON'T DELE TE ANY FILE if you aren't proffesional and you will find your hard disk with name /hda and so on....
The /boot Directory:
this directory contain the Linux kernel and the adminstration only can move it to anywhere you want for his personal resones.
The /root Directory:
as i said befor you can't do anything in this directory,this is the most important area and directory in the linux system.
The /sbin Directory:
also like root can't do anything here you can watch but don't touch anything.
The /tmp Directory:
this is the temporary files directory,when you open a file or browse the net or make a text file the linux make a temporary file of it and save it in the tmp directory
The /lib Directory:
this contain the lib files which make the programe run and make it know it's job.
The /home Directory:
this directory contain all the users directory,if a new user create an account on the system ,the linux will create a directory with the user name in the /home directory so it contain all the users directory.
The /mnt Directory:
this directory contain the partitions you have in your hard disk and the will be named as following:
Win_c for directory c:
win_d for directory d:
and so on...
BY this i finshed my lesson about the linux directory and now you know all the information you need about the linux director.
You Can get help anytime anywhere while you are using linux by using the man command.
The man command is a short word for manual pages, Linux distribution comes with manual pages for nearly each utility, command, or programming system call.
So you can get any information you need about any command in linux system even command man itself can get information about it just by typing :
[foo@foo /]# man man
Manual pages started out in UNIX as one-page descriptions,In linux manual pages are found under /usr/man or /usr/share/man/
all the manual pages are named with a single-digit extension that refers to a directory that contain man page about specific thing.
what i mean is if you look at the table below you will understand what i'm trying to say:
/usr/man/man1 Commands: commands you run from within a shell
/usr/man/man2 System calls: documentation for kernel functions
/usr/man/man3 Library calls: manual pages for libc functions
/usr/man/man4 Special files: information about files in the /dev directory
/usr/man/man5 File formats: details of formats for /etc/passwd and other files
/usr/man/man6 Games
/usr/man/man7 Macro packages: descriptions of the Linux file system, man pages, and others
/usr/man/man8 System management: manual pages for root operator utilities
/usr/man/man9 Kernel routines: documentation on Linux kernel source routines
Every manual page usually has a number of sections, with the documentation for the command broken down into sections as in the next table:
NAME The name of the command and a brief description
SYNOPSIS How to use the command and command-line options
DESCRIPTION An explanation of the program and its options
FILES A list of files used by command, and their location
SEE ALSO A list of related man pages
DIAGNOSTICS A description of unusual output
BUGS Known problems
AUTHOR The program’s main author and other contributors
The man command searches for manual pages according to instructions in the man.config file under the /etc directory. These instructions define the default directories for man command in which to look for manual pages.
for example let's say that you need help with a simple command like ls what should you do ?
just in the shell type
[foo@foo /]# man ls
the output for you will be a text file of all the option and information of how to use the List command (ls) and it's as vi text editor to exit from it just click anykey then type :q then press enter
hope you all like this lesson and this command will make you understand linux and become a proffisional user of linux operating system
In this lesson i'll talk about three important commands lines,the first one is the FIND command line..
Searching Directories with find command line
this command line is a powerfull searching command you can use it to find files which is on your hard disk,
for example to search for spell command under the /usr directory you have to do:
#find /usr -name spell -print
let's say that you want to find a file but you can't remember the name but you remember the date you create that file and the time,for example in the last 50 days you will have to use the following:
#find /usr/bin -type f -atime +50 -print
To find any file ,either new or modified that are one or fewer days old in the /usr/bin you have to use :
# find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -1 -print
and that's all you need to know about the find command line next i'll talk about the whereis command line . Finding Manual Pages by using Whereis command line
This command is used to find the file's binary source and manual pages reside for example if you want to find the find command line use the following
# whereis find
find: /bin/find /usr/bin/find /usr/share/man/man1/find.1.bz2
you can also use whereis to find only the binary version of the program by:
# whereis -b find
find: /bin/find /usr/bin/find
let's say that you didn't find your request ,what you will get will be like this:
# whereis foo
foo:
and that's all you need to know about whereis also
Getting command help with whatis command line
this command like the help command this command give you help and a summaries about any programme or command line let's say you want to know what is whereis comman line all you have to do is :
# whatis whereis
whereis (1) - locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command
but first you have to do an update for whatis database ..don't get banic all you have to do is type the following command and it will do it for you while you drinking your coffe
# makewhatis
so as i said to use this command after updating it's database all what you have to do is write whatis and the programme
name or command name you want to know it and be this i finshed my lesson and see you in the next lesson
Here we will continue with the shell commands lessons now i will take about some command the first one is touch:
Creating Files with the touch The touch command is easy to use, and generally, there are two reasons to use it
1- create a file
2-update a file’s modification date.
The touch command has several options.
To create a file with touch, use
# touch newfile
# ls -l newfile
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 0 Nov 13 08:50 newfile
As you can see, touch created a file with size of zero. You can also use
# > newfile2
# ls -l new*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 0 Nov 13 08:50 newfile
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 0 Nov 13 08:54 newfile2
Like touch, this creates a file with size of zero.
So why use touch Because touch will update a file’s date or time. You can use touch to change a file’s date or time to the past or the future, for example:
# touch newfile2
# ls -l newfile2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 0 Nov 13 09:04 newfile2
As you can see, the file newfile2 now has a timestamp 10 minutes younger.
thes are the thing you can do by using touch command line.
Using rm to Delete files
This command use to remove (rm) the files and Should be used
cautiously. Why? Because when rm deletes a file, it is gone
Always running Linux while logged in as the root operator and using the rm command has caused many untold tales of woe and grief.
with this simple command you can delete out not only your Linux system, but also any mounted filesystems, including DOS partitions, flash RAM cards, or removable hard drives by using the command :
# rm -fr /*
The rm command can used to remove many file one time and you can use anyone of the following:
# rm file
# rm file1 file2 file2
# rm file*
the safest way to use this command is with the i option so you will be asked if you really want to remove this file or not as the next:
# rm -i new*
rm: remove `newfile’? y
rm: remove `newfile2'? y
You can also force file deletion by using the -f option, as in
# rm -f new*
If you try to use the rm command to delete a directory it will not work even if it's empty and you used the force option the file will give you an output saying he can't delete the directory as in:
# rm -f temp*
rm: temp: is a directory
rm: temp2: is a directory
But if you used the force and recursive option you will be able to remove directory:
# rm -fr temp*
becaues the force and recursive options make the rm command act like rmdir command so if you want to delete a directory use this command .
and that's for today and see you all in next lesson
ready to answer any questions