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احب ان اوضح فى البداية اننى لن اتطرق فى هذا المقال الى كيفية تثبيت الخطوط العربية على نظام اللينوكس كما لن اتطرق الى كيفية تمكين كل من GNOME و KDE من عرض المحتوى العربى كل الخطوات التالية تتطلب ان تكون مستخدم جذرى "root" لقد قمت بتجربة هذه الخطوات على نظام Mandrake 9.0 و باستخدام خط Tahoma من نسخة ويندوز 2000 الاصلية الخاصة بى
ينبغى اولا تعريف النظام باننا نريد التعامل مع اسماء الملفات الموجوده على اجزاء القرص الصلب الخاص بنظام تشغيل الويندوز باستخدام اليونيكود
نقوم بفتح الملف /etc/fstab
علينا فقط تعديل السطور الخاصة باقسام ويندوز فمثلا الملف الحاص بى كالتالى
/dev/hda12 / ext3 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda9 /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts mode=0620 0 0
/dev/hda10 /home ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto users,ro,noauto,exec 0 0
/dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom2 auto users,noauto,ro,exec 0 0
/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy vfat umask=0,sync,nosuid,noauto,user,nodev,unhide 0 0
/dev/hda1 /mnt/win_c vfat defaults 0 0
/dev/hda5 /mnt/win_d vfat defaults 0 0
/dev/hda6 /mnt/win_e vfat defaults 0 0
/dev/hda7 /mnt/win_f vfat defaults 0 0
/dev/hda8 /mnt/win_g vfat defaults 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/hda11 swap swap defaults 0 0
بالتاكيد سيختلف الملف الخاص بك هن هذا
سنقوم بالتعديل فى السطور اللتى تحتوى على vfat فى الخانة الثالثة
سنقوم باضافة iocharset=utf8 الى الخانة الرابعة فى هذه الاسطر لتصبح كالتالى
/dev/hda12 / ext3 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda9 /boot ext3 defaults 1 2
none /dev/pts devpts mode=0620 0 0
/dev/hda10 /home ext3 defaults 1 2
/dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom auto users,ro,noauto,exec 0 0
/dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom2 auto users,noauto,ro,exec 0 0
/dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy vfat umask=0,sync,nosuid,noauto,user,nodev,unhide 0 0
/dev/hda1 /mnt/win_c vfat defaults,iocharset=utf8 0 0
/dev/hda5 /mnt/win_d vfat defaults,iocharset=utf8 0 0
/dev/hda6 /mnt/win_e vfat defaults,iocharset=utf8 0 0
/dev/hda7 /mnt/win_f vfat defaults,iocharset=utf8 0 0
/dev/hda8 /mnt/win_g vfat defaults,iocharset=utf8 0 0
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/hda11 swap swap defaults 0 0
الان يتبقى خطوتين
اولا: اعداد GNOME2
قم بفتح الملف /etc/profile و اضافة السطر التالى اليه:
export CHARSET=ISO_8859-6
export G_BROKEN_FILENAMES=1
اذا كنت من مستخدمى نظام RedHat 8.0 فيمكنك اغفال باقى الخطوات
ثانيا: اعداد KDE3
اذا كنت تستخدم نظام Mandrake قم بتثبيت حزمة RPM المسماه locales-ar عن طريق الامر التالى:
urpmi locales-ar
فم باضافة السطر التالى الى الملف /etc/profile
export LC_ALL=ar_EG.UTF-8
الان قم باعادى تشغيل اللينوكس
مبروك عليك الاسماء العربية :-)
فى الواقع الطريقة الاصح هى عمل ملف فى /etc/profile.d نسمية مثلا ar.sh ونقوم باعطائه التراخيص 755 و نضع فية السطرين كالتالى:
touch /etc/profile.d/ar.sh
echo "export G_BROKEN_FILENAMES=1" >> /etc/profile.d/ar.sh
echo "export CHARSET=ISO_8859-6" >> /etc/profile.d/ar.sh
echo "export LC_ALL=ar_EG.UTF-8" >> /etc/profile.d/ar.sh
chmod 755 /etc/profile.d/ar.sh ==================================================== Jun 12 12:54:57 the error i got for MohammedSameer is that in his article about how to read arabic on windwos partitions he says to put this sentence in /etc/profile " export LC_ALL=ar_EG.UTF-8" but when i do it now in kde 3.2.3 all the prg interface turns to arabic which is very anoying
Jun 12 12:55:17 so how can i read arabic but without turning the interface of al of the prg to arabic
I had to install a mail server, to provide virtual hosting, pop and smtp with webmail.
Why did I choose courier ? Sure to let all of you follow my steps and chew your brains.
Courier is hell, That's why you'll end up chewing your brain, perhaps your whole body and other people bodies too!
I'm talking about Debian stable aka woody.
1st, Don't apt-get install the binary debs.
apt-get source courier-mta
Because there is a unique feature in courier, It force you to use one of the freedoms enforced by the GPL, which is: The freedom to modify the source code!
courier authentication authdaemon and userdb.
courier mta, smtp, pop, imap.
squirrelmail
permit users to change their passwords.
Outline:
Immediately after installtion, you may encounter situations in which you are required to upgrade the system . Although the Linux kernel has seen many advances, it may not fulfill the needs of your system. for this reason, the kernel which is available at www.kernel.org is updated often.
You may have several reasons to update the kernel on your system, including the following:
- Regardless of the reasons for upgrading the kernel, the installers should be competent at performing this task.
Each file has an owner and belongs to a group.
Each running process has an owner and belongs to a group.
Users may belong to multiple groups.
at any session a user has an active group, and process she starts will inherit this active group.
each user has a default active group.
users may change the current active group using the commands newgrp and sg.
this security model is sufficient for most needs because GNU/Linux tries to represent everything as a file.
Each file has 3 sets of permissions that apply to different users, one set applies to the file owner, one applies to members of the file's group and the last set applies to anyone else.
in case one needs more some kernel modules offer Access Control Lists which provide more fine grained control.
| Read | Write | Execute | SetUID | SetGID | Sticky | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| file | Can read | can modify | Can execute | executed as if owner | executed as if were in that group | no effect |
| directory | can ls | can make new files and delete file | can cd to directory and access its files and subdirectories | no effect | new files get group & new dirs get setgid | only owners can delete files |
| alphabetical chmod | +r | +w | +x | u+s | g+s | o+t |
| numerical chmod | 4 | 2 | 1 | 4000 | 2000 | 1000 |
Because Microsoft knows how to be a good politician:
Being the leader doesn't necessarily mean you're the best. I read a comment on the net about Microsoft that is very relevant to political life ;o)
"Microsoft would rather be pirated than being free" …!!!
"Greetz from Planet Haram" by Mohannad Faried and others yet to come
Introduction "why am i doing this ?"
ever since i started to tinker around with linux, it was very important for me to have a solid understanding about how do i go about doing the things i already do on windows, since my major is architecture, and a have this artistic streak "well i hope it is an artistic streak!", plus my freelance work as a graphical designer, with some occasional web designing, it was quite important to know the ropes on linux. right now i intend to share what i know with you! , you poor soul! :)
structure of this document:
the idea is very simple, we find out what the keycode of the annoying key is, then we use xmodmap to remap it to a new harmless or useless meaning.
you make a file called masalan ~/.xmodmap
in ~/.xmodmap you need to make entries that look like this
keycode 111 = XF86Excel
on the left is the X specific keycode generated by this key, and on the right is the symbolic keyname X will assign to this keycode.
you can find out the keycode by running xev
xev catches any X events when its in focus and writes what happens on the terminal, put the focus on the xev window and press your key you'll see lines that look like
# xev
KeyPress event, serial 28, synthetic NO, window 0x2a00001,
root 0x71, subw 0x2a00002, time 74933419, (53,51), root:(57,68),
state 0x0, keycode 111 (keysym 0xff61, Print), same_screen YES,
XKeysymToKeycode returns keycode: 92
XLookupString gives 0 bytes:
XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes:
XFilterEvent returns: False
KeyRelease event, serial 28, synthetic NO, window 0x2a00001,
root 0x71, subw 0x2a00002, time 74933496, (53,51), root:(57,68),
state 0x0, keycode 111 (keysym 0xff61, Print), same_screen YES,
XKeysymToKeycode returns keycode: 92
XLookupString gives 0 bytes:
the symbolic keynames are all mentioned in the file /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XKeysymDB
to completly disable a key use a keysym you're unlikely to ever need like the microsoft specific multimedia keys.
you can use the same technique to modify your keyboard in anyway (disable annoying hindi numerals, stop caps lock etc).
keycode 111 is the keycode of printscreen on my pc, the above line in ~/.xmodmap is enough to stop it
when you're done editing ~/.xmodmap you need to run
# xmdomap ~/.xmodmap
this loads the new keymap, if the behavior is right you want to configure your system so that it runs xmodmap everytime you run X (you figure out how).
NetoDragon softmodems seems to be taking over the market from Motorola's SM56. Here is the installation guide:
cp /path/to/driver/tarball /wherever/you/want cd /wherever/you/wanted tar -zxvf slmodem-2.9.X.tar.gz cd slmodem-2.9.X make su make install modprobe slamr slmodemd -c=YOUR COUNTRY'S NAME &
And Happy surfing
I will attempt to use a consistent layout for this document:
NAMES OF PEOPLE AND PROGRAMS WILL BE IN NOUN STYLE LIKE THIS.
'ARABISH1 WORDS WILL BE IN NOUN STYLE AND QUOTED LIKE THIS'
file names and directories will be emphasized like this.
Warning and Important notices will be emphasized and bold.
commands entered by a normal user will be preceded by a dollar sign $.
command entered by root will be preceded by a hash sign #.
any input or commands you should enter will be in typewriter style.
``quotes will look like this and will be followed by a reference pointer.''
Most examples and commands are to be executed from the command prompt of the console or an X terminal, if your system automatically runs the X windows you have to open an X terminal<a name="tex2html2" href= "#foot358" id="tex2html2">2
.You can skip the first section completely and jump to the practical problems and solutions, I intend to use heavy referencing to make it easier to jump from different locations in the document; a table of contents is inserted at the top of the document for your convenience.
You may have heard/read the names LINUX, GNU, GNU/LINUX, X WINDOWS, KDE, GNOME, RED HAT, MANDRAKE, distro and a lot of other names, in the beginning its not clear what they all mean.
You probably already know that LINUX is free, but you know there are companies selling it, and then there is all this talk about the source, what does it all mean??.
Strictly speaking LINUX is a an operating system kernel; a kernel is the part of the operating system that is responsible for the very basic operations of your system.
``The LINUX kernel acts as a mediator for your programs and your hardware. First, it does (or arranges for) the memory management for all of the running programs (processes), and makes sure that they all get a fair (or unfair, if you please) share of the processor's cycles. In addition, it provides a nice, fairly portable interface for programs to talk to your hardware.[1]''
The LINUX kernel was first written by LINUS TORVALD when he was a student, it is now being developed by thousands of developers around the world.
Mostly when people speak about LINUX they mean the GNU/LINUX operating system which is the OS that runs your computer. GNU stands for (GNU IS NOT UNIX) it is a free clone of the popular UNIX operating system.
GNU was first written by RICHARD M STALLMAN the chairman of the Free Software Foundation http://www.fsf.org (FSF|), since the GNU system was still missing a kernel3, it was combined with the LINUX kernel to make the GNU/LINUX operating system.
GNU are all the basic tools you use in maintaining your system, it also includes lots of applications, libraries and a compiler.
Distributions or distros are products made by companies to simplify the installation and configuration of a GNU/LINUX operating system, some of the most popular distro are RED HAT, MANDRAKE, SUSE and DEBIAN. They are all GNU/LINUX and so they're very much similar, most software you use under LINUX is being developed independently from these distributions so applications will look and feel the same no matter what distro you use. The distro however provides you with an easy install script and wizards to automate lots of the configuration tasks, it also provides lots of precompiled packages that you can use directly without having to configure and compile yourself. The companies that make these distros also provide technical support, manuals and other services for their customers.
Yes LINUX is free, but its not necessarily free as in zero price 'MAGANY'4 it is free as in freedom '7OR' this means that you the user have certain freedoms that no one can take from you.
``* The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).
* The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to your needs (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
* The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2).
* The freedom to improve the program, and release your improvements to the public, so that the whole community benefits. (freedom 3). Access to the source code is a precondition for this.[2]''
This simply means that you have the right to make any number of copies of GNU/LINUX and distribute them in any way you like; even selling it. And it means that you have the right to change it in anyway you like and distribute your changes.
This is not the way WINDOWS or any other commercial software is, with WINDOWS you have no legal right to make copies of it; you can't even install it on more than one computer even if its yours. And there is no way you can access the source code for WINDOWS or be able to modify it.
If you manage to modify it you are not allowed to tell the world about it, even if your modification is an important bug fix or a new feature that MICROSOFT was never going to implement.
As we mentioned in the previous section in order for GNU/LINUX to be free you the user must have access to the source code5. when the code of a piece of software is available to the public to study it is called open sourced.
All free software is open sourced, but not all open sourced software is free, some programs may allow you access to the source code but you can't modify or distribute it as you please[3].
The GPL[4] or the GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE is the most popular and strongest free software license, it is the GPL that ensures you have all the freedoms described in section 1.3, the GPL is a strong license because it is a copyleft license, copyleft (as opposed to copyright) means that if you distribute modified GPL software your modifications should be distributed under the GPL too, this ensures that no company can take a GPLed program and turn it into a secret closed one restricting its user's freedoms[5].
MICROSOFT software is distributed under an END USER LEGAL AGREEMENT that is very restrictive, any breach of this agreement (like making a copy of WINDOWS for your friends) is considered a criminal act and puts you in the risk of heavy sentences.
Free software has no owners, although the FSF holds the copyrights to the GNU system and LINUS holds the copyrights and trademarks to LINUX; this only means that no one can go and make another product and call it LINUX or GNU and that no one else can claim they were the first to write LINUX.
Not even LINUS or the FSF can restrict your freedoms to use and modify the GNU/LINUX system.
Or in other words, why do we need free software, if its safe to copy non free software?!
You may think it is safe to copy non free software, this is more or less true if you are a home user, but large organizations such as companies and government agencies cannot afford to run illegally copied software anymore, with the pressure generated by extra-territorial laws and international agreements such as the GATT. If you are trying to set up a small business then most probably you cannot afford the price of commercial software licenses (think of what will happen to all these offices in 'BEIN EL SARAYAT' if they had to pay for the software they use).
But free software isn't about the price only, when you buy non free software form a company like MICROSOFT, you have to rely on MICROSOFT for support and further development of the software, if you are a computer professional you have to rely on MICROSOFT for certification and training. This means more money to be paid for a foreign economy, but since LINUX is free, you can set up your own LINUX company that supports and further develops it; this way when someone buys your product or request your services the money will benefit your local economy.
With free software it doesn't matter how underdeveloped the country is or how far ahead the rest are, when technology is free we can really own it. If technology isn't free then we have to choose between reinventing the wheel or relying on others to provide us with it.
Even if you are not a programmer the openness of the code is
very important to you, its because the code is open and free that
GNU/LINUX is such a reliable OS, since thousands of
programmers are working on developing and fixing it.
If a anyone finds a bug they can look at the code and fix it, if
you find a bug and can't fix it yourself you can report it and
someone else will fix it. If there is a feature in a free software
package that is missing you can hire someone to develop it for you,
and if this feature is useful for many people you can probably find
someone to implement it for free.
The open sourced nature of GNU/LINUX protects you
from security problems and trap doors, since the system is heavily
peer reviewed by the world best programmers. With
WINDOWS you cannot tell if it has trap doors or not,
you cannot know if it sends data about you compromising your
privacy.
Actually MICROSOFT software is known to be full of
secret undocumented features, for instance all office documents
carry a special ID that is unique to your machine, thus
compromising your privacy.
WINDOWS is notorious for its security problems and its weakness towards viri, GNU/LINUX on the other hand is very secure and no known virus was ever able to harm it thanx to its open nature.
Availability of the code also ensures that your favorite piece of software will not suddenly die because its author lost interest or got busy, since its free anyone can develop it and release new versions, you don't need to rely on one vendor.
As we told you before, GNU is a UNIX clone, so its natural that GNU/LINUX would share many common features with UNIX, it is this UNIX heritage that makes GNU/LINUX so different from M$ WINDOWS, in this section we'll explore the basic ideas behind a UNIX system.
UNIX is the oldest living operating system, it was first written by KEN THOMPSON and DENNIS RITCHIE6 when they were working at AT&T, it could be considered as the grand daddy of all operating systems in use today.
AT&T licensed UNIX to many companies and universities, who in turn developed their own versions of it, which resulted to many different UNICES, these UNICES fall into the two wide categories of BSD UNIX and AT&T UNIX.
Efforts to standardize all these UNICES resulted in the POSIX standard, GNU/LINUX is very POSIX compliant.
No not at all, most UNIX and LINUX users would tell you that the command line is much more powerful and versatile. This power of the command line is an integral part of the UNIX philosophy.
So while WINDOWS is trying very hard to get rid of the command line, GNU/LINUX relies on it for all its functionality, to the point that most graphical tools and applications rely on command driven tools to do the real work. This of course give you the best of the two worlds, and most important of all it gives you choice.
So if you prefer Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) go ahead, you'll find it as easy to use as WINDOWS and even more powerful.
But if you want to release the power of your computer and your mind try to learn the command line, its not as scary as it seems.
I told you that UNIX is an operating system, but to think of it as a mere OS would be a gross understatement, it is much more than that, it is a complete philosophy specifying that small and simple is better. All UNICES are geared around the idea that writing small programs that do one job but do it perfectly thus becoming tools and not applications gives the user more power since he can combine these tools and use them together to get a result that is greater than the sum of these tools.
But the efficient use of these tools depends on the creativity and intelligence of you the user.
So unlike WINDOWS which assumes you have the IQ of a potato and tries to tell you how to do things, GNU/LINUX like all UNICES waits for you to harness it and tell it what you want done.
Although the UNIX command line looks a bit like the old DOS command line which still lives in the heart of WINDOWS, don't be fooled by its appearance it is much more powerful than DOS.
UNIX is from day one a multi tasking environment, which means you can run several task at the same time.
try this:
This will start playing the MP3 you specified and
returns you to the command line, now you can run another command
while the song is still playing.
Its by adding & at the end of a command that you inform
GNU/LINUX to run this command in the background thus
leaving you free to continue your work.
But thats not all GNU/LINUX is a multi user system too, since it was designed for a networking environment it allows several users to use the computer and run different programs at the same time.
Try it your self press Ctrl-F2 and a new login screen will open, you can login with a different account, or even open a new session of the same account.
You may think this is only useful for satisfying split identity disorders, but on the contrary as you get used to GNU/LINUX you'll find many uses for this feature.
WINDOWS is not really a multiuser OS although it acts as if it is, this multi user nature of GNU/LINUX is one of the main reasons behind many confusions to new users, issues like ownership and permissions would make perfect sense when you understand the multi user nature of UNICES.
While WINDOWS is based around the idea of drives, where every partition and media has its own drive name (like C: D: E:) and each drive has its own directory tree that begins with a root directory for every drive (C:\, D:\, E:\). GNU/LINUX on the other hand follows the UNIX tradition of having only one tree. This tree has only on root directory (/) and all partition and media are connected to this tree through a process called mounting.
So in WINDOWS if I want the second partition I have to go to D:, but in GNU/LINUX I'd go to the directory /mnt/win_d
This is a bit confusing in the beginning but you'll get used to it quickly.
The fact that GNU/LINUX has only one tree, meant that it could have a much more organized file structure, where files are grouped together by their type and function instead of letting each program handle its own files in any random way.
This is one of the most confusing yet powerful aspects of GNU/LINUX.
By everything we mean literally everything; directories are files, hard disks are files, partitions are files, Internet connections are files. EVERYTHING is a file in GNU/LINUX.
But this makes us wonder what is a file exactly??
In a very non formal way a file is just a stream of bytes, and you can usually read and write streams of bytes to the file.
Files could either be:
Yes UNIX tools and programs always had funny and interesting names, GNU took this to an extreme like the pager called LESS because it is a more powerful pager than the pager called MORE.
These naming conventions reflect a whole culture; the Hackers' culture, which in itself reflects how fun and enjoyable computing could be.
This is one of GNU/LINUX'S main advantages over WINDOWS, it is fun, it doesn't try to hide its weaknesses with obscure technical messages and yet it doesn't try to sound too stupid and dumb (ala my computer style).
For an interesting look at Hackers' culture check The Jargon File http://www.tuxedo.org/ esr/jargon/html/index.html.
As mentioned in the previous section, the GNU/LINUX system follows the UNIX tradition by having one tree only, in this section we study with more details the organization and structure of this tree and of various file types.
One point where GNU/Linux excels is its wide support of file systems, your GNU/Linux file system could access nearly all file systems in use today7, This means that you don'thave to worry about what other OSes you or your friends use, for instance you could have all your media files stored in a windows partition so you can use them from both Linux and Windows.
originaly the native file system for GNU/Linux was minix, but then Linux finaly had its own file system called ExtFS which stands for Extended File System.
the FS most widely used today is EXT2FS.
yes can you believe it, they spent all this time and effort making it and no one thought of making a defrag utility!
but slow down, the Linux native file systems don't need a defrag utility, yes thats right ExtFS is sooo good and stable it doesn't need to defrag at all!
Windows as you are sure to know needs defraging once a month.
not so fast, while Linux is much better than windows at handeling the file system, and since it is much more stable, data loss of the harddisk hardly happens without your help, but since nothing is perfect8 you still need a file system checking and repair tool, in GNU/Linux its called fsck.
most distros will run a fsck every twenty or thirty reboots, and off course if you ever restart the computer without closing the system it will do a fsck.
some file system use a technology called journalling, journalling simply means that the FS keeps track of all changes made and changes that should be made in a special table called the journal, the journal is written to the harddisk frequently, so when harddisk crash or power outage happens, the file system can go back and finish what needs to be done or undo what needs to be undone.
the native EXT3FS adds journaling to EXT2FS, thus making it more stable and giving you the benefit of nearly never running a fsck.
another nice thing about EXT3 is that it uses the same structure as EXT2 this means that migrating from EXT2 to EXT3 or back takes seconds and there is no risk of data loss involved.
the fact that GNU/Linux uses a different file system from windows means that there are some differences in how it handels files and in the properties and attributes of these files, most of these attributes are necessary for a multiuser envirement.
you should know about these properties in order to avoid problems and be able use GNU/Linux efficiently.
unlike windows, file names in GNU/Linux are case sensitive, this means that files foo, Foo, FOO and fOo are different files. this could cause lots of confusion when you are looking for files or applications.
very few excutables9 have capital letters but you should still be careful.
While Widows uses file extensions to determine the data type of files. GNU/Linux does not need filename extensions at all, you'll find thousands of files with no extension in your GNU/Linux system10, intead GNU/Linux uses a tool called file to determine the datatype of each file.
however note that some GUI apps specially MIME enabled apps use extensions to guess the type of media files.
you can run the file tool yourself to check the datatype of file like this
>fubar.pdf: Ogg-Vorbis compressed sound file
as you can see file is too smart to be fooled by a wrong extension.
>foo: Bourne-Again shell script text executable
it can even guess what kind of text file you have
>hello_world.cc: ASCII C program text
as you see, file isn't always accurate, it mistooke my C++ code for C code.
because of the multi user nature of GNU/Linux systems, files have ownership, since you cannot let users read each others email and delete each others work.
each file has an owner and belongs to a group. to see who owns certain files you do this
>-rwxrwxr- 1 foo mail 26624 Jan 27 06:02 foo
>-rw-rw-r- 1 foo code 300 Feb 7 14:15 hello_world.cc
>-rw-r-r- 1 root root 3932007 Feb 7 01:42 fubar.pdf
^^^^ ^^^^
the third column is the file ownership, the fourth column is the group.
these two values are sometimes reffered to as UID and GID (which stands for User ID and Group ID)11.
as you can see from the listing, the owner of foo is user foo and it belongs to group mail, the owner of hello_world.cc is foo and it belongs to the group code and finaly the owner of fubar.pdf is root and it belongs to group root12.
but what are groups??
groups are a way to give multiple users access to the same files or resources, all users belonging to the group mail can send and recieve mail, all users belonging to the group audio can play music, etc.
permissions are file attributes that tell the system who has access rights to files and directories.
to see file permission you need to run this command again
>-rwxrwxr-x 1 foo mail 26624 Jan 27 06:02 foo
>-rw-rw-r- 1 foo code 300 Feb 7 14:15 hello_world.cc
>-rw-r--- 1 root root 3932007 Feb 7 01:42 fubar.pdf
^^^^ ^^^^
the first column has the filetype and permission information, the first character __ which happens to be - in the three files listed here __ is the file type, we will ignore it for now, its these strange rwxrwr runes that we are looking for now.
the letters r, w, and x are used to represent different permissions.
Windows uses filename extensions to determine if a file is excutable or not, GNU/Linux uses permissions instead.
but why does the listing have more than one r,w and x??
this is because there are three sets of permissions:
each set of permissions is represented by three characters and there order is owner permissions, group permissions and world permissions, the first character is the read permission, the second character is the write permission and the third character is the execute permission. if a - is used instead of r,w or x this means no permissions.
for instance in the previous listing the file foo is readable,writable and executable by its owner the user foo, and it is also readable, writable and executable by all members of the group mail. but other users only have read and execute permissions
while the file hello_world.c is readable and writable by its owner foo and all members of the group code. other users are only allowed to read it.
and finaly the file fubar.pdf is readable and writable by the its owner the user root, other members of the group root can only read it and the rest of the world has no access to it at all.
since directories are files, they too have the same set of permissions, but their meaning is a bit different from files.
for directories the read permission means you have the right to
this means that the permission to delete a file is a write permission to the directory, if you have write permission to the directory /fubar and no write perimission to the file /fubar/fu you can still delete /fubar/fu
an interesting situation occurs when you only have excute permission to a directory, in that case you have the right to enter the directory but you cannot list its content, you can however read any file in the directory if you have the permission to that file, but you cannot tell what the filenames are.
if you have read permission only you can list the files inside the directory but you cannot access them at all.
so to be able to modify a file you have to have all permissions to its parent directory.
Remember the delete permission is a directory write permission
Unlike WINDOWS programs, all GNU/LINUX Programs follow a standard way of organizing files based on the content and function of the files, similar files are grouped together and put in one directory.
These directories don't have to belong to one partition, they could even belong to another computer on the network.
Lets explore these directories.
Main Differences Between GNU/LINUX and M$ WINDOWS
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Q: Linux? UNIX? What's the difference?
A: At the risk of over-simplifying things, UNIX is not an operating system; it is an idea. When you use Solaris or AIX or Linux, you are using an operating system which was sprung out of a collective set of ideas which are called UNIX. In fact, we tend to call Linux and Solaris, for example, flavours of UNIX. It's a little bit like ice cream: when you eat a vanilla ice cream, this is specifically a vanilla flavor, but it is also made the way ice cream is made. Hence, Linux is not UNIX, but it is a UNIX like operating system.
Q: Isn't Linux a command line OS? That's why I prefer NT/Windows 2000/XP.
A: That is absolutely true. The heart of Linux is at the command line. This does not mean, however, that all your work under Linux has to be command line driven. There are excellent graphical interfaces for just about any administrative task you can think of. The way most of these applications are designed is to have a command line program, and then to build a graphical application on top of it. This means that you are free to choose whichever method you prefer to get your work done.
On a deeper level, this is a fundamental concept under Linux; command line tools with optional graphical interfaces. This does not only mean that you can choose how to get the job done, it also separates the GUI code from the functional code. So, if for any reason the GUI interface is inaccessible (such as if you are telnetting in to do the work) then you can still get evrything done.
By contrast, if you don't have the GUI under windows you are pretty much stuck. Under windows, there is no separation of GUI from core operating system functionality. This is one of the primary reasons why UNIX--like systems such as Linux are legendary for their stability. Keeping things simple and compartmentalised.
Q: Let's say I want to start thinking about deploying Linux where I work. Where do I begin?
A: That really depends on your needs. It is safe to say that Linux can do pretty much everything you need in terms of server functionality, so that is probably a good place to begin. How about setting up an e--mail server on your LAN? That would probably not take more than fifteen minutes.
And while you're at it, with all of those windows clients, you might as well think about using Linux as a windows file--sharing server. And print server. And don't worry about those Macintosh users; Linux is fluent in Appletalk and will happily connect them with the rest of the world. Seamlessly.
Do you need a web--server too? Have a look at Apache. Apache is the leading web--server software solution in the world, and it has been so for a very long time and it will continue to be so for a very long time. This not surprising since it is free, open source, stable, incredibly flexible, and smart.
Application server? Tomcat. LDAP? You got it. Groupware? Plenty of alternatives. FTP? Yep. Instant messaging server? Of course. Database server? MySQL/postgreSQL/Firebird/etc. Linux makes an excellent firewall and/or router too.
As we said, it all depends on your needs. Try describing your requirements to one of the volunteers and see what they can come up with.
Q: Great, what about support contracts and liability clauses?
A: Thats what we have Linux vendors for, many companies offer support contracts and the kind of guaranties you may be used to, the good thing is now support is truely a competitive market since all these companies have access to the source code and can modify and service the software as in any possible way. you don't like your current services provider? change the company seek a better one? the other good thing is you can go to a local company, or a small company if you prefer. and then there is always a free community on the internet eager to help you with all support questions, you can even contact the software developers directly, or employ some of them, the choices are endless.
Q: How standards--compliant is Linux anyhow?
A: Linux is probably the benchmark for standards compliance.
When you think about it, there really wouldn't be a Linux without standards and without the commitment to follow them. There are hundreds of thousands of programmers world--wide who work on Linux, and the only way for an interface designer in Bombay, for example, to coordinate his work with a programmer in New York is for there to be a set of standards governing the work. This goes for network protocols, UI design, file structure, filesystem hierarchy, all types of API, etc.
Standards are the air Linux breathes.
Linux even knows how to deal with other systems which do not comply with common standards. One excellent example is Microsoft Office documents, which are proprietary and undocumented yet which (after a lot of hard work and reverse engineering) can be viewed and modified under Linux.
Linux speaks all languages, even the broken ones.
Q: Alright, you've convinced me. I'm installing Linux today. Mail server, web server, database server, DNS server, Linux desktops in the marketing department, penguins in accounting, Mandrake on my PC, uClinux on my pocket calculator.
A: Okay okay, slow down. It's easy to get excited about Linux, we know. Welcome aboard! and remember to join us @ http://www.linux-egypt.org
Q: I've heard about Linux, but I still don't understand how it can be free.
A: You're talking about the price tag, right? Well, first of all, one reason why it is free is because the people who work on it don't ask for money to do so. This probably sounds a little strange; someone working hard for you for free? It begins to make a little more sense, though, if you try to imagine something like 100 people working together for each other for free: one person contributes only the fruits of his own efforts, but benefits from the efforts of 99 others, in addition to his own. Of course, some people are paid to work on linux, but it is usually through channels such as sponsorship from companies such as IBM.
Q: IBM? No kidding? Those are big boys.
A: Yes they are. They aren't the only ones. The American government sponsors open source programmers too, mainly in the lower level technical things. Sun Microsystems contributes a lot too, as well as numerous European governments such as the German and Finnish ones. Brazil also is a heavy linux user.
Linux really is a revolution in progress. It is a global digital tidal wave which just keeps getting bigger, and that's why we have an Egyptian Linux Users' Group.
Q: If IBM and Sun Microsystems are in on Linux, how can it be free? Don't they have to make money?
A: Yes they do. IBM is a good example of a for-profit business adapting itself to the incredible world of free open--source software. The trick is shifting your revenue stream to services and hardware.
Q: Free, of course, means it probably isn't that good.
A: Quite the opposite. Imagine if you were a programmer with, for example, Microsoft. You would be getting paid to write programs, that is true, but you would be working on what the company wanted you to work on, not what you really wanted to work on. The programmers who write Linux software get to choose exactly what interests them and stimulates their creativity. This makes an incredible difference, and this is something you can only feel if you start using open source software like Linux.
Q: Okay, I like the idea. But I'm worried the things I use on windows won't be available on Linux. Things I use for serious work.
A: There's some good news and some bad news. The bad news is, they won't be available. In some cases, windows software will work on linux, but that is a different story. The good news is, you might be able to guess, that there are substitutes for almost everything available on Linux which are usually better. In most cases, it will not be a problem of finding a replacement for, say, Microsoft Word, but rather a problem of which one of the substitutes to use; OpenOffice? KWord? Abiword? KWrite? &c.
Using Excel? Try Gnumeric, Openoffice Calc, KSpread. Do you absolutely need Photoshop? For that there is The Gimp. And while you try Gimp, check out Cinelerra and Film-Gimp too, movie editing tools. And you might as well drop 3D Studio Max for Blender.
If you're programming under windows, you're most likely using Visual Basic. For that, there's Gambas, though this document is really too short to list all of the programming languages you can use under linux, or all the development environments. Windows programmers who move to Linux usually feel like they have died and gone to Heaven.
Why don't you ask someone from the Linux Users' Group for a demonstration of the substitute for your favorite windows software?
Q: Wow. OK, all of that must require a really powerful computer.
A: This isn't windows. All of these choices and all of this power doesn't have to cost you massive resources. A barebones linux installation will run quite happily in 4 Mb of RAM. For real-world desktop work with a graphical user interface, you should be fine with 32 to 64 Mb a a minimum. And you don't need the latest of fastest processor either; anything from a 486 up will do fine.
Linux isn't greedy.
Q: So it's free, it's powerful, it has lots of software, it does't need an expensive computer. Are we missing anything?
A: Yes. You get free access to the source code (the recipe) of the software just in case you feel a need to modify anything and know how to do it.
Q: This is obviously too good to be true. I don't believe you. There is a trick. What do you want from me?
A: No trick. No catch. We do want something from you, though; we want you to become a Linux user. It's a little bit like when you hear a nice song, and you tell your friends about it -- does that gain you anything? No? Then why do you do it?
Q: Alright, I'll become a Linux user -- but wait, what happens when I get stuck? Who'll help me?
A: Just like Linux is made in a wide and decentralised way, support is also available in a way which is just as unique as the way the programs are made. There are communities of Linux volunteers on the internet who are always ready to help you out with any difficulties you might be experiencing. We, the Egyptian Linux Users' Group, is one such community. There is help available 24 hours a day 7 days a week on web message boards, on IRC chatting channels, through e-mail lists, &c.
When you get stuck, there is always a helping hand -- free and knowledgeable.
Q: I've heard about Linux, but I still don't understand how it can be free.
A: You're talking about the price tag, right? Well, first of all, one reason why it is free is because the people who work on it don't ask for money to do so. This probably sounds a little strange; someone working hard for you for free? It begins to make a little more sense, though, if you try to imagine something like 100 people working together for each other for free: one person contributes only the fruits of his own efforts, but benefits from the efforts of 99 others, in addition to his own. Of course, some people are paid to work on linux, but it is usually through channels such as sponsorship from companies such as IBM.
Q: IBM? No kidding? Those are big boys.
A: Yes they are. They aren't the only ones. The American government sponsors open source programmers too, mainly in the lower level technical things. Sun Microsystems contributes a lot too, as well as numerous European governments such as the German and Finnish ones. Brazil also is a heavy linux user.
Linux really is a revolution in progress. It is a global digital tidal wave which just keeps getting bigger, and that's why we have an Egyptian Linux Users' Group.
Q: If IBM and Sun Microsystems are in on Linux, how can it be free? Don't they have to make money?
A: Yes they do. IBM is a good example of a for-profit business adapting itself to the incredible world of free open--source software. The trick is shifting your revenue stream to services and hardware.
Q: Free, of course, means it probably isn't that good.
A: Quite the opposite. Imagine if you were a programmer with, for example, Microsoft. You would be getting paid to write programs, that is true, but you would be working on what the company wanted you to work on, not what you really wanted to work on. The programmers who write Linux software get to choose exactly what interests them and stimulates their creativity. This makes an incredible difference, and this is something you can only feel if you start using open source software like Linux.
Q: Okay, I like the idea. But I'm worried the things I use on windows won't be available on Linux. Things I use for serious work.
A: There's some good news and some bad news. The bad news is, they won't be available. In some cases, windows software will work on linux, but that is a different story. The good news is, you might be able to guess, that there are substitutes for almost everything available on Linux which are usually better. In most cases, it will not be a problem of finding a replacement for, say, Microsoft Word, but rather a problem of which one of the substitutes to use; OpenOffice? KWord? Abiword? KWrite? &c.
Using Excel? Try Gnumeric, Openoffice Calc, KSpread. Do you absolutely need Photoshop? For that there is The Gimp. And while you try Gimp, check out Cinelerra and Film-Gimp too, movie editing tools. And you might as well drop 3D Studio Max for Blender.
If you're programming under windows, you're most likely using Visual Basic. For that, there's Gambas, though this document is really too short to list all of the programming languages you can use under linux, or all the development environments. Windows programmers who move to Linux usually feel like they have died and gone to Heaven.
Why don't you ask someone from the Linux Users' Group for a demonstration of the substitute for your favorite windows software?
Q: Wow. OK, all of that must require a really powerful computer.
A: This isn't windows. All of these choices and all of this power doesn't have to cost you massive resources. A barebones linux installation will run quite happily in 4 Mb of RAM. For real-world desktop work with a graphical user interface, you should be fine with 32 to 64 Mb a a minimum. And you don't need the latest of fastest processor either; anything from a 486 up will do fine.
Linux isn't greedy.
Q: So it's free, it's powerful, it has lots of software, it does't need an expensive computer. Are we missing anything?
A: Yes. You get free access to the source code (the recipe) of the software just in case you feel a need to modify anything and know how to do it.
Q: This is obviously too good to be true. I don't believe you. There is a trick. What do you want from me?
A: No trick. No catch. We do want something from you, though; we want you to become a Linux user. It's a little bit like when you hear a nice song, and you tell your friends about it -- does that gain you anything? No? Then why do you do it?
Q: Alright, I'll become a Linux user -- but wait, what happens when I get stuck? Who'll help me?
A: Just like Linux is made in a wide and decentralised way, support is also available in a way which is just as unique as the way the programs are made. There are communities of Linux volunteers on the internet who are always ready to help you out with any difficulties you might be experiencing. We, the Egyptian Linux Users' Group, is one such community. There is help available 24 hours a day 7 days a week on web message boards, on IRC chatting channels, through e-mail lists, &c.
When you get stuck, there is always a helping hand -- free and knowledgeable.
Here we will continue with the shell commands lessons now i will take about some command the first one is touch:
Creating Files with the touch The touch command is easy to use, and generally, there are two reasons to use it
1- create a file
2-update a file’s modification date.
The touch command has several options.
To create a file with touch, use
# touch newfile
# ls -l newfile
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 0 Nov 13 08:50 newfile
As you can see, touch created a file with size of zero. You can also use
# > newfile2
# ls -l new*
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 0 Nov 13 08:50 newfile
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 0 Nov 13 08:54 newfile2
Like touch, this creates a file with size of zero.
So why use touch Because touch will update a file’s date or time. You can use touch to change a file’s date or time to the past or the future, for example:
# touch newfile2
# ls -l newfile2
-rw-rw-r-- 1 bball bball 0 Nov 13 09:04 newfile2
As you can see, the file newfile2 now has a timestamp 10 minutes younger.
thes are the thing you can do by using touch command line.
Using rm to Delete files
This command use to remove (rm) the files and Should be used
cautiously. Why? Because when rm deletes a file, it is gone
Always running Linux while logged in as the root operator and using the rm command has caused many untold tales of woe and grief.
with this simple command you can delete out not only your Linux system, but also any mounted filesystems, including DOS partitions, flash RAM cards, or removable hard drives by using the command :
# rm -fr /*
The rm command can used to remove many file one time and you can use anyone of the following:
# rm file
# rm file1 file2 file2
# rm file*
the safest way to use this command is with the i option so you will be asked if you really want to remove this file or not as the next:
# rm -i new*
rm: remove `newfile’? y
rm: remove `newfile2'? y
You can also force file deletion by using the -f option, as in
# rm -f new*
If you try to use the rm command to delete a directory it will not work even if it's empty and you used the force option the file will give you an output saying he can't delete the directory as in:
# rm -f temp*
rm: temp: is a directory
rm: temp2: is a directory
But if you used the force and recursive option you will be able to remove directory:
# rm -fr temp*
becaues the force and recursive options make the rm command act like rmdir command so if you want to delete a directory use this command .
and that's for today and see you all in next lesson
ready to answer any questions
Now i'll talk about the directories of your system. when you are on the root path
[root@foo /]#
and list your directories with the ls command :
[root@foo /]# ls
bin/ boot/ dev/ etc/ home/ initrd/ lib/ mnt/ opt/ proc/ root/ sbin/ sys/ tmp/ usr/ var/
as You see there are alot of directories so i'll start explaining them,Now i'll explain the /bin directory .
The /bin directory:
this directory you will find all the command line that you use and can use in the linux shell. you can get to this directory by using the following:
[root@foo /]# cd /bin
[root@boo bin]# ls
this will list all the command line you using in the shell and this is a very important directory.
The /etc Directory:
To get to this directory you have to do the following:
1-get out of the current directory by using
cd..
2-then enter the /etc directory by using
cd /etc
you can use two ways to do that,the pervious way or a simple way which is
[root@foo bin]# cd /etc
this will take you to the etc directory now i'll take about this directory what is it? this directory contain the configuration file of all the programes,contain the file which end with .conf as the lilo.conf file ,how can you find this file for example use the following
[root@foo etc]# ls l
then press tab and it will list all the configuration files which start with l . i'll talk now about the /usr directory
The /usr Directory:
enter this directory,you can use the same way i mentioned. this directory contain all the programes used by all users on you system. in linux operating system everything is a file the keybord mous and the monitor everything is a file. let my explain to you
The /dev Directory:
enter the /dev directory and list the files in this directory as you know (use the ls command line) you will find alot of file with many color this is the hardware and the device you use and can use in your system,DON'T DELE TE ANY FILE if you aren't proffesional and you will find your hard disk with name /hda and so on....
The /boot Directory:
this directory contain the Linux kernel and the adminstration only can move it to anywhere you want for his personal resones.
The /root Directory:
as i said befor you can't do anything in this directory,this is the most important area and directory in the linux system.
The /sbin Directory:
also like root can't do anything here you can watch but don't touch anything.
The /tmp Directory:
this is the temporary files directory,when you open a file or browse the net or make a text file the linux make a temporary file of it and save it in the tmp directory
The /lib Directory:
this contain the lib files which make the programe run and make it know it's job.
The /home Directory:
this directory contain all the users directory,if a new user create an account on the system ,the linux will create a directory with the user name in the /home directory so it contain all the users directory.
The /mnt Directory:
this directory contain the partitions you have in your hard disk and the will be named as following:
Win_c for directory c:
win_d for directory d:
and so on...
BY this i finshed my lesson about the linux directory and now you know all the information you need about the linux director.
You Can get help anytime anywhere while you are using linux by using the man command.
The man command is a short word for manual pages, Linux distribution comes with manual pages for nearly each utility, command, or programming system call.
So you can get any information you need about any command in linux system even command man itself can get information about it just by typing :
[foo@foo /]# man man
Manual pages started out in UNIX as one-page descriptions,In linux manual pages are found under /usr/man or /usr/share/man/
all the manual pages are named with a single-digit extension that refers to a directory that contain man page about specific thing.
what i mean is if you look at the table below you will understand what i'm trying to say:
/usr/man/man1 Commands: commands you run from within a shell
/usr/man/man2 System calls: documentation for kernel functions
/usr/man/man3 Library calls: manual pages for libc functions
/usr/man/man4 Special files: information about files in the /dev directory
/usr/man/man5 File formats: details of formats for /etc/passwd and other files
/usr/man/man6 Games
/usr/man/man7 Macro packages: descriptions of the Linux file system, man pages, and others
/usr/man/man8 System management: manual pages for root operator utilities
/usr/man/man9 Kernel routines: documentation on Linux kernel source routines
Every manual page usually has a number of sections, with the documentation for the command broken down into sections as in the next table:
NAME The name of the command and a brief description
SYNOPSIS How to use the command and command-line options
DESCRIPTION An explanation of the program and its options
FILES A list of files used by command, and their location
SEE ALSO A list of related man pages
DIAGNOSTICS A description of unusual output
BUGS Known problems
AUTHOR The program’s main author and other contributors
The man command searches for manual pages according to instructions in the man.config file under the /etc directory. These instructions define the default directories for man command in which to look for manual pages.
for example let's say that you need help with a simple command like ls what should you do ?
just in the shell type
[foo@foo /]# man ls
the output for you will be a text file of all the option and information of how to use the List command (ls) and it's as vi text editor to exit from it just click anykey then type :q then press enter
hope you all like this lesson and this command will make you understand linux and become a proffisional user of linux operating system
In this lesson i'll talk about three important commands lines,the first one is the FIND command line..
Searching Directories with find command line
this command line is a powerfull searching command you can use it to find files which is on your hard disk,
for example to search for spell command under the /usr directory you have to do:
#find /usr -name spell -print
let's say that you want to find a file but you can't remember the name but you remember the date you create that file and the time,for example in the last 50 days you will have to use the following:
#find /usr/bin -type f -atime +50 -print
To find any file ,either new or modified that are one or fewer days old in the /usr/bin you have to use :
# find /usr/bin -type f -mtime -1 -print
and that's all you need to know about the find command line next i'll talk about the whereis command line . Finding Manual Pages by using Whereis command line
This command is used to find the file's binary source and manual pages reside for example if you want to find the find command line use the following
# whereis find
find: /bin/find /usr/bin/find /usr/share/man/man1/find.1.bz2
you can also use whereis to find only the binary version of the program by:
# whereis -b find
find: /bin/find /usr/bin/find
let's say that you didn't find your request ,what you will get will be like this:
# whereis foo
foo:
and that's all you need to know about whereis also
Getting command help with whatis command line
this command like the help command this command give you help and a summaries about any programme or command line let's say you want to know what is whereis comman line all you have to do is :
# whatis whereis
whereis (1) - locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command
but first you have to do an update for whatis database ..don't get banic all you have to do is type the following command and it will do it for you while you drinking your coffe
# makewhatis
so as i said to use this command after updating it's database all what you have to do is write whatis and the programme
name or command name you want to know it and be this i finshed my lesson and see you in the next lesson
hi everyone and welcome i'll talk about the installition of mandrake linux 10 operating system
first of all i want to say that you can setup two operating system on your machine,what i mean is that you can install linux and windows-MS together in the same machine but i want to say that you don't need windows in anything coz linux comes with many programmes and features that provide you with everything you will need when i say everything i mean every single thing.any way it's your chooes to put both of them or just linux but if you planning to put both of them you must put Windows-MS (or what ever you planning to put) first and then install linux and it's improtant to make this DO NOT INSTALL LINUX FIRST.
Now let's start i will talk about installing linux Mandrake 10.
1-when you turn your computer on press on DELETE button you will enter a blue screen called 'BIOS', look for 'BIOS feature setup' then look for 'Boot sequence' and make it 'Boot from cd' by using the page up and page down button.
2-then press ESC and chooes 'save and exit' then press Y don't forget to put the first cd in the cd-room .
3-after restarting the machine a blue screen will come to you asking you to press F1 if you want help or Enter if want to install linux ... Press Enter and it will start to copying the files to your machine and it will take up to 10 min.
4-After copying files you will be asked to choose the language choose'US ENglish' and if you would like to add the arabic to your machine choose advance and select the arabic and the unicode then click ok .
5-choose that you are agree with the tearm.
6- Now you must select the installation class,and you have here to type the first one is 'Recommended' and 'Expert' select the fist one which is 'Recommended' then press install.
7-this is the most important step and it's about how to partitioning your hard disk, select from the list infront of you the option 'custom hard partitioning' then press ok.
you will find the partitions that in your hard disk and the one you prepared to the linux (your must prepare a 10 GB formated space for linux) you will find it with blue color,select it with the mouse then press on the auto alocate and it will partitioning it for you you must find two partition with red color and a small one with green color (swap).
9-after you do this press done and it will ask you if you are sure and choose yes,then you will have to select the programmes you want to install in the system then press ok.
now it will install all the programmes you want and will ask you to change the cds so stay near the computer.
10-it will ask you for a password for the root enter the password that you like and make sure not to forget it .
11-It will ask you then to create a user so create a one to use it.
12-select the way you will connect to the net if it by "Normal Modem connection" or "ADSL" or whatever you using to connect to the net.
13-create a new dial up if then click ok
14-press ok
15-press yes
16-press no
17-press ok
18-remove the cd form the cd-room and then don't do anything till you enter the linuc then chooes the desktop you want and make it KDE then Next then cancel .
now you had instaled linux and get party
Cause of the last days mostly talking about GNU/Linux as the present/future OS and all organizations on all over the world aware about it and follow it as it's the Perfect efficiency, Low Price: (You don't need to spend time and money to obtain licenses since Linux and much of it's software come with the GNU General Public License),
Stability: Linux doesn't need to be rebooted periodically to maintain performance levels. It doesn't freeze up or slow down over time due to memory leaks and , Great in performance provides persistent high performance, Network :client and server systems can be easily set up on any computer running Linux. Flexibility: Linux can be used for high performance server applications, desktop applications, and embedded systems. You can save disk space by only installing the components needed for a particular use.
Compatibility: It runs all common Unix software packages , Windows apps. and more powerful applications and can process all common file formats.
Choice: The large number of Linux distributions gives you a choice. Installation: user-friendly installation and setup programs
Full use of hard disk: Linux continues work well even when the hard disk is almost full
Multitasking: Linux is designed to do many things at the same time (GREAT , intelligent and powerful scheduling for tasks )
Security: Linux is one of the most secure operating systems. "Walls" and flexible file access permission intelligent systems prevent access by unwanted visitors or viruses.
Open source: If you develop software that requires knowledge or modification of the operating system code, Linux's source code is at your fingertips
And More …. More more more………………
Today, the combination of inexpensive computers and free high-quality Linux operating system and software provide incredibly low-cost solutions for both basic home office use and high-performance business and science applications
MAY always will be one question ( WHY ) ; Windows is simple for End-user uses and no need for complexity , that's right ; but ..at first Computer days it was also the Batching , MS-DOS and windows were a complexity and the computer it self was a complexity , something more is that in the near future all PCs running windows at the current days , they'll run Linux that provides incredibly low-cost solutions for examples like the big Organization , Corporation and Foundations (Jaguar , Ford ….) so due to that we hope that we can present you a way to follow it to be able to act with this OS revolution switch
yours Mina r.
we had another small meeting to talk about what kind of events we can do @ aast and also we talked about some other topics
we started at 7 , all of us was there befour 7 excpet deftones who was late for a while but mina_linux_tux told us he will be late . 1st we talked again about the courses and then what we can do at aast
we talk a short time talking about it cuz mina_linux_tux and deftones wasn`t in the 1st meeting .. we talked about the course head lines and it seems good we will use mandrake 10.1 and mandrake docs as material ... we are wating for our 1st 8 students to start. and mina_linux_tux can give advanced / programing under linux courses if it`s needed. we want to make the 1st course as a test to c if we want to add or remove anything from the course it self so we guess it's better to be for our friends , and it will take about 8 ~ 10 hours. mina_linux_tux will talk to another net cafes to see if we can give free courses there too
mina_linux_Tux talked about about what he had reached with aast guys , thay can give us lab to do semminar or installfest and IEEE can give a semminar with us too if we want. and he will set a meeting with the aast guy and the event will start in the beginning of the 2nd term since exames are close ..
i guess that was all
P.S guys from the meeting if i forget anything feel free to post it ;)
Based on Debian, SimplyMEPIS is gaining lots of popularity - it's now on the top 4 in distrowatch for this month, exceeding Gentoo, Ubuntu and even Debian itself !
I'm not going to write a full reveiw about MEPIS. I'll just tell you why I like it and what I'd like to see fixed.
SimplyMEPIS is a LiveCD, you can run it directly from the CD-ROM or install it to your hard drive. Here is where things get nice - the easiest and fastest installation I've ever seen, with almost no questions asked. Now that's what I call newbie-friendly !
The Desktop itself is clean, everything runs out-of-the-box including mozilla with all the popular plugins (even windows WMV). Some apps just didn't fit the CD, but hey you've got apt-get! Almost all packages can be found in debian software pools, MEPIS is already configured to use a nice mix of "stable", "testing" and "unstable" pools. It also uses the MEPIS pool which includes packages that were modified by the MEPIS team.
That's the main reason I like MEPIS: it's basically a Debian system that simply WORKS without the hassle & long installation.
MEPIS tools include the installation program, System Center & User utilities. They're very easy to use but they're nowhere near Mandrake's Configuration Center. It was easy to setup the nvidia driver with TwinView from the system center - something I really liked.
I really hope people will give it a try, I'm sure many of you will keep it. I'm using it for a month now and I'm really satisfied with it.
MEPIS homepage: http://www.mepis.org
Many reviews: http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=mepis
15-minutes installation
Debian-based (apt-get)
Everything works out-of-the-box
Hardware AutoDetection
Mozilla plugins!!
Nvidia Driver & settings
Needs more configuration tools
I strongly recommend you read the Drupal handbooks this document is just my notes for the Drupal Sessions we gave at Al Sakia
highly philosophical question, no clear answer.
one must understand how the web is built out of HTML pages, CMS systems simplify the process of publishing and generating these HTML pages and make it possible to allow website visitors to contribute content (as in forums, comments, or even wikis).
there are 4 major platforms for web applications including CMSs
LAMP is by far the cheapest, most popular and most widely supported, since LAMP is built on FOSS and is very easy and cheap to build for, deploy, run and maintain. there are thousands of FOSS projects that provide you with useful packaged webapplications that you can start using immediately.
this enables anyone to have a complex and rich website (or benefit from other webapplications), Drupal is one among a huge variety of FOSS, ready to run, easy to use CMS systems.
we do not cover installing drupal today, the details will differ according to your hosting service, and the platform you use at home.
check the drupal documentation and post any questions on the EGLUG forums, those who need help making a local installation on their GNU/Linux pcs can seek help on Saturday gatherings.
we will assume a site with the typical roles Author, Editor, WebAdmin
There was an error in the Cds so we delayed the rest of the installation demonstration to the 2nd session and skiped to Desktop demonstration.
70% of the web servers are apache servers
(not finished yet)
You can get the source code of the GNU\Linux OS and its Free Applications from the internet, visit the website of the projecr/software and you will find its source code.
A: The GNU\Linux operating system and its applications are programmed using different languages, among them: C, C++, perl, python, lisb, ruby.
A: yes, they are. Each program does a specific task and does it very good, and they depend upon existing packages
ok guys at last we had our 1st meeting after more than month of talking about it and only 3 members come to meeting.it`s was in El-Salam fun center in SidiGaber near the sea.
Almost we was there before 8:05 PM ( Linuxawy and me ) ShErbO was already there before 8:00 PM we waited a Little time before we start talking , and we almost started at 8:30 PM when no body ales come, and we started talking about some topics:-
DarKnesS_WolF start talking about if we can do some free courses on some friend net cafe, and here is the points:-
the owner of the net cafe had agreed today with DarKnesS_WolF on the phone. and he waiting 1st 8 students and the time to start.
Linuxawy Start talking about what we can do for life makers alex and what they need , there is was already connection by emails and Linuxawy will Set us a Meeting with life makers alex members this week to talk about:-
and those courses will be totally FREE , 0 Cost.
we can say the points is:-
so we think we need a meeting with her to know exactly what she needs about that course but we think beginner course as described above will be good with alot of extra commands , how the system works and some compiling stuff to show how powerful the system is.but in that case we will need lots of help. ShErbO and DarKnesS_WolF ready to set with her and explain as much as they can about the system. and we are waiting to meet her 1st if when can and we are waiting Linuxawy to set us.
and we finished the meeting almost at 9:45 pm.
P.S: some Pics will be posted with Linuxawy send them to me. any comments and feedback please comment.
There is also an extra manual that covers the Mandrake configuration tools, also available on the cds, the package name is mandrake-doc-drakxtools-en. Or you could read it online
These extra manuals where written for Mandrake 9.0, they may be abit out of date but most of the information is still valid
This are sources for extra Mandrake Packages, you should not install packages made for another GNU/Linux distribution.
you may want to learn how to use the command line package manager, check the documentation on http://urpmi.org
the Mandrake users community also provides extra packages, you can get a list of sources from http://www.thebrix.org.uk but be careful these packages are not well tested.
here we will put the fuzzy words that was bother us and here will put translations for that words so we all use the same arabic traslations.and sure if u c somehting better tell us so we c what is better and then add it.
just came back from the FireSphinx party and I finally decided to dump and proprietary browser I used to use and move to FireFox.
now FireFox is only as good as the extensions you use, out of the box it lacks many essential features so lets make a good wiki page with all the extensions people actually use and like.
please don't just post comments, edit this page and add your extensions.
maybe later on we should have review articles of these extensions
still testing other extensions, will keep you posted.
^ Tabbed Browser Extension: http://texturizer.net/firefox/extensions/#tbe - Adds enhancements to the tabbed browsing, Adds the ability to save the session on exit
Probably more but i'm lazy.
بعد عشرات المحاولات الفاشلة في تثبيت السلاك وير كنت ابحث بالستمرار عن مكان او عن اي حاجه فيها شرح للحته الي في الاول لتثبيت السلاك وير ولقيت الموقع ده او الصفحة دي الصفحة دي موجوده في منتدى اجنبي كتبها واحد جامد شرح فيها كل حاجه تتعلق بتثبيت السلاك وير من اول ما تبوت السيدي ولغاية اما تخلص الكونفيجرز بتاعتك وكله بالصورة ة والشرح كلة بالانجليزي بس جزء كبير منه مفهوم والصور بتقوم بالباقي :) مش هطول عليكم دي وصلة الصفحة وابقوا ادعولي ;)
http://www.bitbenderforums.com/vb22/showthread.php?postid=311808
التعامل مع نظام لينكس داخل نظام ويندوز! (لا اتذكر اسم الكاتب الحقيقي للموضوع )
يعلم الجميع منا بأن أنظمة Linux تتيح لمستخدميها سهولة التعامل مع نظام Windows من داخلها, كإستعراض ملفات النظام او نسخ الملفات منه او الكتابة و التخزين فيه بالإضافة إلى قراءة ملفاته, هذا الأمور كلها كانت تحدث من داخل نظام Linux و ذلك عن طريق عمل mount لنظام Windows بهذه الطريقة:
شفرة برمجية :
mkdir /mnt/windows mount -t vfat /dev/hda1 /mnt/windows
لكن يمكن حدوث العكس! ; أي استعراض ملفات Linux و الكتابه فيه و النسخ منه و قراءة ملفاته بالطبع, كل ذلك و انت داخل نظام Windows ! و ذلك باستخدام مجموعة أدوات تسمى LTOOLS .
ماذا تقدم لي أدوات LTOOLS ؟
هذه الأدوات تم برمجتها بواسطة Jason Hunter و David Lutz في جامعة Willamette بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية.
تقدم هذه الأدوات LTOOLS القدرة على استعراض ملفات نظام Linux و الكتابة فيه و النسخ منه...الخ و انت داخل نظام Windows و حزمة نظام Windows تأتي قابلة للتنفيذ و تضم الملفات التالية:
شفرة برمجية :
ldir.exe list directories and files lread.bat read and copy files from Linux to DOS lwrite.bat copy files from DOS to Linux ldel.bat delete Linux files or (empty) directories lchange.bat change Linux file attributes and owner lren.bat rename Linux file lmkdir.bat create a new Linux directory lln.bat create a symbolic link lcd.bat set the default Linux toplevel directory ldrive.bat set the default Linux disk drive
, و في الحقيقة الغرض من هذه الأدوات هو استعراض أنظمة ملفات EXT2 الخاصة بنظام Linux , بمعنى يوجد نسخ من هذه الأدوات يمكنك تركيبها على نظام Linux ( مثلا RedHat ) و من خلالها تستعرض ملفات نظام Mandrake او تنسخ منه ملفات و هكذا !, كما توجد نسخ ينبغي تصريفها لتعمل على أنظمة UNIX و من خلالها يمكنك استعراض أنظمة ملفات EXT2.
من أين أقوم بتنزيل هذه الأدوات و كيف أركبها على جهازي؟
يمكنك تنزيل أدوات LTOOLS من خلال هذا الموقع:
http://www.it.fht-esslingen.de/~zimmerma/software/ltools.htm
أما طريقة التنصيب فهي سهلة,كل ما عليك هو اتباع الآتي:
شفرة برمجية :
Start ---------> Programs ---------> LTOOLS ---------> LTOOLS Command Line
انتهينا!
طريقة استخدام أدوات LTOOLS
حسناً, هنالك ثلاثة طرق لإستخدام هذه الأدوات:
1- عن طريق سطر الأوامر Command Line
2- عن طريق واجهة رسومية و ذلك بجعل جهازك خادم
3- عن طريق واجهة رسومية و ذلك باستخدام جافا
سوف أقوم بشرح الطرق الثلاثة على امل ان تعجبكم احد الطرق.
أولا عن طريق سطر الأوامر Command Line
حسناً, لنفرض أنك تريد سرد ملفات نظام Linux باستخدام سطر الأوامر, توجه كما قلنا سابقاً إلى:
شفرة برمجية :
Start ---------> Programs ---------> LTOOLS ---------> LTOOLS Command Line
و بعدها اكتب:
شفرة برمجية :
ldir -s/dev/hda2 /
الآن سوف يتم سرد ملفات الجذر الرئيسي " / " و سوف تشاهدها امامك على الشاشة
شرح مبسط لما قمت به
ldir : برنامج سرد ( استعراض ) الملفات
-s : خيار يمكن الشخص من تحديد القسم الذي يوجد به نظام Linux
/dev/hda2 : القسم الذي يوجد به قسم Linux لدي ( قد يختلف لديك )
/ : المجلد الذي أرغب أن اسرده و قد تود مثلا ان تستعرض /etc/ او غيرها .
ملاحظات
- إذا عيّنت قسم Linux بقيمة /dev/hda او /dev/hdb ...الخ من غير تحديد الرقم الذي يوجد به, فسوف يقوم البرنامج بالبحث عن اول قسم لنظام Linux .
- إذا استخدمت ldir من غير خيار " -s " فسوف يقول بالبحث في القرص الصلب الذي ركبت أدوات LTOOLS به ( غالباً /dev/hda ) .
- إذا لم تعرف رقم القسم الذي يوجد به نظام Linux فاستخدام خيار " -part " بهذا الشكل:
شفرة برمجية :
ldir -part
و سوف تكون أرقام أقسام قرصك الصلب في الناحية اليسرى :
- لمزيد من المعلومات حول هذا الأمر استخدم خيار " -h " .
و الصيغة العامة لهذه الأداة هو:
شفرة برمجية :
ldir [-h | -v | -? | -part] [-s/dev/hd..] [Linux_Directory]
هذا كان بالنسبة لسرد الملفات و لكن ماذا عن قرائتها و نسخها من نظام Linux إلى نظام Windows ؟
لقراءة أحد ملفات نظام Linux , كل ما عليك هو إصدار:
شفرة برمجية :
lread -s/dev/hda2 /var/www/html/test.php
الإختلاف بين هذا الأمر و سابقه هو أنني حددت ملف معي و هو test.php لقراءة محتوياته:
اما إذا أردنا أن ننسخ ملفاً من نظام Linux إلى نظام Windows فينبغي في الأخير أن نضيف مكان الملف المنسوخ,حيث سيكون الأمر بهذه الصورة:
شفرة برمجية :
lread -s/dev/hda2 /var/www/html/test.php C:test.php
الآن إذهب إلى قسم الـ C و سوف تلاحظ وجود نسخة من الملف
الصيغية العامة لهذا الأمر هي:
شفرة برمجية :
lread [-h | -v | -?] [-s/dev/hd..] Linux_File [DOS_File]
بعد أن انتهينا من عملية سرد الملفات و قرائتها و نسخها, ننتقل إلى كيفية حذف أي ملف في نظام Linux , لعمل ذلك أصدر هذا الأمر:
شفرة برمجية :
ldel -s/dev/hda2 /var/www/html/test.php
و سوف ينحذف الملف,الصيغة العامة لهذا الأمر هي:
شفرة برمجية :
ldel [-h | -v | -?] [-s/dev/hd..] Linux_File
أما لتغيير صلاحيات الوصول لأحد ملفات نظام Linux و كذا المالك و المجموعة في آن معاً, أصدر الأمر التالي:
شفرة برمجية :
lchange -s/dev/hda2 -frwxrwxrwx -u2 -g2 /home/file.html
شرح مبسط لما تم القيام به
-f : لتغيير صلاحيات القراءة و الكتابة و التنفيذ لكل من المالك و المجموعة و الآخرين. ( يشبه أمر chmod )
-u: لتغيير مالك الملف عن طريق تغيير رقم تعريف المستخدم, فإذا كان المالم هو مستخدم " account " يحمل رقم تعريف " 3 " و اردت نقل ملكية ملفه إلى مستخدم آخر " account2 " فينبغي معرفة رقم تعريفه للقيام بذلك ( يشبه امر chown )
-g : لتغيير مجمعة الملف ( يشبه أمر chown ) .
الصيغة العامة لهذا الأمر هي:
شفرة برمجية :
lchange [-h | -v | -?] [-s/dev/hd..] [-fFMODE] [-uUID] [-gGID] Linux_File
أما للكتابة في نظام Linux فأصدر الأمر التالي:
شفرة برمجية :
lwrite -s/dev/hda2 C:programethems.zip /root/thems.zip
حيث نسخنا ملفاً من نظام Windows و وضعناه داخل نظام Linux .
الصيغة العامة:
شفرة برمجية :
lwrite [-fFMODE] [-uUID] [-gGID] DOS_PathDOS_File Linux_File
لتغيير مسمى ملف في نظام Linux إلى إسم آخر,أصدر هذا الأمر:
شفرة برمجية :
lren -s/dev/hda2 /var/www/html/test.php index.php
هذا الأمر قام بتغيير إسم ملف test.php الموجود داخل نظام Linux طبعاً إلى إسم index.php .
الصيغة العامة:
شفرة برمجية :
lren [-h | -v | -?] [-s/dev/hd..] [-fFMODE] [-uUID] [-gGID] Linux_File_old_name Linux_File_new_name
بقي عمليتي إنشاء دليل جديد في نظام Linux و أيضاً أنشاء اختصار, و كلاهما بنفس الطرق السابقة تقريبا
ثانيا: عن طريق واجهة رسومية و ذلك بجعل جهازك خادم
توجه أولاً إلى :
شفرة برمجية :
Start ---------> Programs ---------> LTOOLS ---------> LTOOLS ---------> LTOOLS Web Server (http localhost)
بعد ذلك اكتب في متصفحك: شفرة برمجية :
الآن سوف يتم سرد ملفات و مجلدات نظامك لكن بشكل رسومي :
أضف إلى ذلك بأنه أصبح جهازك خادم ويب Webserver . عمل الأمور السابقة من استعراض و نسخ ...الخ في الواجهة الرسومية سهل جدا و لا يحتاج إلى شرح و كثر كلام,فقط أشر و انقر .
ملاحظات:
- لاستعراض ملفات الـ Windows و التعامل معها ( نسخ,تعديل...الخ) انقر على خيار DOS في أعلى الصفحة.
- بشكل إفتراضي يكون منفذ خادم الويب و " 80 " فإذا أردت تغييره إلى " 99 مثلا " أصدر هذا الأمر من سطر الأوامر:
شفرة برمجية :
LREADsrv 99
- بشكل افتراضي أيضا, خادم الويب ( LREADsrv ) لا يقبل أي إتصال الا من جهازك ( localhost ) او ( 127.0.0.1 ) , فإذا أردت ان يستخدم أحداً ( في الإنترنت او داخل شبكة محلية )المميزات السابقة فينبغي أن تحدد أرقام الـ IP لهم ( اقصد حد مسموح 3 عناوين ) , بحيث الشكل النهائي للأمر:
شفرة برمجية :
LREADsrv 80 212.452.123.3 213.571.231.7
لابد عند استخدام ميزة remote host السابقة تحديد المنفذ.
اما طريقة الـ JAVA فتطلب منك تركيب Java 2 Runtime Environment و يمكنك تنزيلها من موقع : جافا لقطات من الأداة و هي تعمل بواسطة جافا ( مع الشكر الجزيل للأخ مرشد محمد:-) ) : عند هذا الحد اتوقف و اترك لكم فرصة التعمق في مجموعة الأدوات LTOOLS لكي لا افسد عليكم متعة الاستكشاف
تحياتي,,,
هذة الوثيقة تفسر كيف يتم أستخدام الموارد المملوكة بواسطة EGLUG.org و حقوق الأعضاء فى هذة الموارد.
العضوية هنا عبارة عن أتصال أجتماعى و ليست عضوية بواسطة القانون , و فى الواقع العضوية القانونية هى عضوية من قام بدفع المال للموارد الموقع , وفى حالة الدفع عن طريق الكارت الألكترونى (credit card) يكون المالك القانونى للكارت ورقم الحساب هو المالك القانونى للموارد. وهذة نظريا تعطى القوة لشخص واحد فوق المجتمع ككل وليس هناك أى تصرف عملى يتفدى هذة المشكلة.فقط الثقة و ند الضغط هم الضمانات التى نملكها.
وفى الوقت الحاضر تم تمويل الموارد بواسطة كل من Alaa , MadFarmAnimalz , uniball ,Whirlpool و ezabi . وفى قت لاحق لتفادى تمركز القوى يجب على مجموعة أكبر عدد من الأعضاء المشاركة فى التمويل.
الموارد المملوكة لEGLUG.org هى أسماء الموقع وهم EGLUG.org و EGLUG.net والمساحة المستضاف عليها الموقع. و تفاصل أستخدام هذة الموارد تعتمد بشكل كبير على حزمة الأستضافة المشتراه, و سياسة الأستخدام للموارد ستتغير بتغير الشركة المستضيفة للموقع أو بتغير حزمة الأستضافة المشتراه للموقع. وفى الوقت الحالى (الخامس من شهر يونية عام ٢٠٠٤) يمكن تصنيف الموارد كالأتى:
المدرين هم المسؤولين عن تخصيص وابقاء على الموارد كما هو موضع فى الدستور.
المدرين فقط هم الذين يملكوا كلمات المرور لكل الموارد و سوء أستخدام هذة الموارد يعتبر أنتهاك لأنتدابهم لهذة الوظيفة.
يجب على المجتمع العمل بجد على تأكيد أن التغير فى هذة السياسة هو تغير أفضل فى تخصيص الموارد و أفضل للأعضاء حيث يتح لهم المزيد من الموارد , التغير الى موارد أقل أو تحديد لأستخدام الموارد يمكن فقط فى حالات الضرورة القصوى.
فى حالة نفاذ الموارد يتم التحقيق مع المدرين فى أذا كان هناك مكان فى الموقع أو شخص يستخدم زيادة فى الموارد , أو اذا كان هناك موارد مخصصة فى مناطق غير فعالة فى الموقع , و أذا وجد أن الموارد غير مهدره سيعتبر ذلك أشارة بنموا المجتمع وعلى ضرورة الحصول على موارد جديدة.
باقى الموارد تستخدم بواسطة المدرين لخدمة المجتمع , يطالب المدرين بأستخدام هذة الموارد لتطبيق أى افكار أو وظائف يوافق عليها المجتمع.
سياسة الأستخدام المتفق عليها هى ببساطة مجموعة من الأرشادات تحدد التصرفات داخل مجموعة مستخدمى ليونكس المصرية eglug. و ليس النية منها الحد من الأفعال, وانما النية منها تقديم أفضل حماية للأعضاء عن طريق تقديم مناخ محترم وبناء للعمل فى الموقع. وسياسة الأستخدام المتفق عليها كما يلى.
أنواع الحديث التالية لن يكون مسموح باستخدامها فى موقع eglug.org :
الهدف من مجموعة مستخدمى ليونكس هو عرض أفكار البرمجيات/الحرة مفتوحة المصدر و جنو/ليونكس. ويتوقع من الأعضاء النقاش فى هذة الموضوعات كلما أمكنهم ذلك. ومن المفهوم أن الفاصل بين الموضوعات موضوع النقاش و الموضوعات الخارجة عن موضوع النقاش غير واضع ويدعو للشك, و النفع من الشك سيكون هو الغالب كلما أمكن ذلك. فقط الأنتهاك الواضح لهذة القاعدة سيعتبر أنتهاك لسياسة الأستخدام المتفق عليها.
السجلات الشخصية تعتبر منطقة خاصة فى موقع eglug.org , والغرض منها سرعة أتصال المجتمع و تفعيل الاتصال الاجتماعى بين الأعضاء.
و قاعدة الموضوعات الخارجة عن نطاق النقاش يتم إرخائها بشكل كبير جدا فى السجلات الشخصية, فيمكن لكاتب السجل الشخصى (blog) أن يكتب أى شئ بشرط عدم أنتهاك باقى القوانين.
اما بالنسبة للديانات و المعتقدات والفلسفات, لديك الحق للتعبير عن معتقداتك حتى و لو كانت تتعارض مع الديانات و المعتقدات الأخرى طالما ان ارائك لا تهاجم أو تهين الديانات و المعتقدات الأخرى , والفرق بين التعارض و الهجوم و الاهانة واضح جدا.
وظيفة المراقبين هى تأكيد أن المحتويات النشورة داخل موقع eglug.org لا تنتهك القوانين و القواعد المذكورة بالأعلى.
يتجنب المراقبين تعديل الموضوعات المرسلة بواسطة الأعضاء , ويجب عدم نشرها و طلب المرسل بتعديلها حتى تتفق مع القواعد و القوانين.
لايجب على المراقبين حذف المحتويات من الموقع بصورة مباشرة , الرسالة التى أنتهكت القوانين يتم عدم نشرها و من ثم تنقل الى مكان مغلق , ويحق لأى عضو مراقبة القرارات الرقابية و النظر الى الرسائل التى تم الرقابة عليها.
يتم الاعلان علنا عن قرار المراقبة و مقاضاه الكاتب للرسالة المنتهكة للقوانين,و يجب ذكر أسم المراقب و السبب فى قرار المراقبة , و الفشل فى ذلك يعتبر أنتهاك لوظائف المراقبين.
أى قرار رقابى يمكن إلغاءه بإجماع ثلاث مراقبين.
هذة الوثيقة تشرح بالتفصيل عملية أختيار المدرين و المراقبين و الأعضاء القدامى. وأيضا تغطى أجراءات التعامل مع الأعضاء الذين ينتهكون وظائفهم أو يستغلون مواقعهم و وظائفهم أستغلال سئ.
سيتم أختيار الأعضاء القدامى من بين الأعضاء الجدد عن طريق وسيلة تلقائية. سيتم الأحتفاظ بالنقاط لقياس معيار نشاط كل عضو فى المجموعة, واى عضو سيصل ألى ١٠٠ (مائة) نقطة سيصبح تلقائيا عضو من الأعضاء القدامى.
التعاون و النشاط فى الموضوعات داخل نطاق المناقشة فى eglug.org فقط سيحسب, الرسائل التى سيتم عدم نشرها أو تنفيذ نشاط رقابى عليها لن تحسب.
يتم أختيار المراقبين من أستطلاع للرأى من بين الأعضاء القدامى. عدد المراقبين يجب أن يكون نسبة ٢٠% من أجمالى عدد الأعضاء القدامى و أجراءات الأختيار ستكون كالتالى:
يحق للمراقب الأستقالة من منصبة فى أى وقت.
يتم أختيار المدرين من أستطلاع رأى من بين المراقبين. المدير ما هو ألا مراقب مع وجود بعض المسئوليات التقنية مما يعنى أن القدرات التقنية شرط لهذا المنصب.
وبسبب التفاصيل التقنية يجب على المدرين العمل كخلية واحدة , ولا يوجد مكان لعدم الأتفاق بينهم.
عدد المدرين يجب أن يكون أربعة أو نسبة ٢٠% من اجمالى عدد المراقبين (مهما كان هذا العدد كبير ).
يتم أعادة حساب عدد المدرين المطلوبين مرة كل عام بعد مراجعة الدستور , و يتم أختيار المدرين الجدد بالأجراءات التالية:
يحق للمدير الأستقالة من منصبة فى أى وقت , ولكن يجب علية الأنتظار حتى يتم أنتخاب بديل.
فى حالة قيام مدير أو مراقب بانتهاك وظائفهم يسمح للمجتمع بتنزيلهم من وظائفهم.
الانتهاك للوظائف الذى يؤدى الى خلل فى الأتصال الأجتماعى , يعاقب المنتهك بأن يصبح عضو جديد برصيد صفر من النقاط.
المدرين فقط يمكنهم اقتراح ألغاء العضوية. يمكن الغاء عضوية العضو فى الحالات التالية فقط:
و بسبب ان هذة الاسباب تخضع للمعاير الشخصية , فأن الغاء العضوية يتطلب ٢٧ نقطة بالموافقة من المجتمع:
فى حالة أن تم ألغاء العضوية لشخص ما و كان عدد النقاط ٢٧ من الأعضاء القدامى أو الأعضاء الجدد , فأن ذلك يؤكد وجود فجوه و عدم أتصال بين المراقبين و المدرين و بين المجتمع.